R nba circ2/13/2024 ![]() T cells play an important role in the antitumor immune response. ![]() (4) They regulate gene transcription, promoting parental gene expression by interacting with U1 small ribonucleoprotein or enhancing RNA polymerase activity. (3) They participate in protein encoding, as some circRNAs can be translated into peptides by ribosomes. CircRNAs interact with RBPs to form an RNA-protein complex, affecting RBP-mediated gene expression. They bind to RNA and facilitate its processing and translation. Various RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play crucial roles in RNA splicing, RNA stabilization, and mRNA translation. (2) They participate in regulatory protein binding. (1) As they contain a large number of micro-RNA (miRNA) binding sites, they serve as molecular sponges and compete for miRNA binding to target mRNAs, thereby upregulating the expression of target genes. ĬircRNAs have four main biological functions (Fig. The half-life of circRNAs exceeds that of the associated linear mRNA, as the covalent closed-loop structure lacks 5′ and 3′ends, which makes circRNAs more resistant to the exonuclease RNase R. The expression of the same circRNA varies greatly under diseased and non-diseased conditions, among tissues, and during different time periods. observed circRNA expression in fungi, plants, and prokaryotes, reflecting a high degree of conservation and widespread distribution among species. used the genome-wide RNase R enrichment method to detect >25,000 circRNAs in fibroblasts. CircRNAs are relatively evolutionarily conserved in different species. About 80% of circRNAs are EciRNAs localized mainly to the cytoplasm, whereas ciRNAs and EIciRNAs are often localized to the nucleus. CircRNAs can be divided into four categories based on their sequence origin: (1) exonic circular RNAs (EciRNAs) derived from exons of the parent gene (2) lasso-type or circular intronic RNAs (ciRNAs) derived from introns (3) exonic–intronic circular RNAs (EIciRNAs) derived from both exons and introns and (4) other circRNAs, including those derived from antisense strand transcripts (antisense circRNAs) and those derived from intergenic sequences or other unannotated genomic sequences (intergenic circRNAs). Most circRNAs originate from exons in gene coding regions others originate from 3′–untranslated regions (UTRs), 5'-UTRs, introns, intergenic regions, and antisense RNA. We anticipate that this summary of current knowledge will facilitate the development of strategies to target circRNAs in the immune microenvironments of human cancers.ĬircRNA is a class of non-coding RNA generated from precursor messenger RNA (mRNA). In this review, we discuss the roles of circRNAs in the regulation of immune cells, immune-related molecules, and tumor immunity. Recent studies have demonstrated that circRNAs are involved in cancer development and immune responses. However, therapeutic responses, especially those of solid tumors, have been unsatisfactory in clinical trials and clinical applications. With rapid developments in oncology, immunology, molecular biology, and related disciplines, immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, tumor vaccines, and adoptive cell therapy have revolutionized cancer treatment. The immune response coordinates a variety of immune cells and has antiviral, antibacterial, and antitumor functions. The immune system maintains homeostasis through immunomodulation, surveillance, and the prevention of pathogen invasion. Recently, with advances in high-throughput sequencing technology, increasing numbers of circRNAs have been characterized and their roles and mechanisms have become active areas of investigation. Due to its low expression and the limitations of detection technology, circRNA was originally considered to be an aberrant product of RNA splicing. accidentally discovered a normal novel RNA product. ![]() CircRNA was discovered in 1976 when the Sanger team studied virus-like RNAs. Circular RNAs (circRNA) is a closed circular molecule that is resistant to exonucleases, and is thus stable and widespread in animals and plants.
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